Ecological Significance of Typha angustifolia Dominated Wetlands: A Case Study of Avian Biodiversity in Chhattisgarh, India

Small wetlands, despite their ecological significance, are often overlooked in biodiversity conservation. This study investigates the role of Typha angustifolia-dominated wetlands in supporting avian diversity in semi-urban landscapes. This year-long study (January–December 2024) investigated bird population in small wetland dominated by Typha angustifolia at the Biodiversity Lab of Sant Guru Ghasidas Government Post Graduate College, Kurud, Chhattisgarh, India. A total of 52 bird species from 12 orders and 30 families were recorded, with a Shannon-Wiener Index indicating moderate species diversity and ecosystem stability. Simpson's Index (D) and Dominance Index (1-D) reflected high diversity and evenness within the bird community in this small wetland. Bird species were categorized based on habitat association: primary association (15%), including species such as Amaurornis phoenicurus and Ploceus philippinus, relied significantly on the wetlands; secondary association (31%), including Upupa epops and Turdoides striata, utilized the wetlands for specific needs; and occasional association (46%), including Hirundo smithii, exhibited opportunistic interactions. Foraging activities were observed in 52% of species, highlighting the habitat's trophic diversity. Dietary preferences ranged from carnivory (15 species) and insectivory (13 species) to omnivory (13 species) and granivory (10 species), with nectarivory (1 species) playing a minimal role.

This wetlands supported critical ecological interactions, including nesting, foraging, and roosting. Dense Typha stands provided essential resources for species such as the Ploceus philippinus and Amaurornis phoenicurus, while predatory birds like the Elanua caeruleus and Ceryle rudis benefited from abundant prey. Despite its classification as invasive, Typha angustifolia played a crucial role in creating microhabitats and supporting biodiversity in this human-impacted ecosystem. These findings highlight the significance of small wetlands into biodiversity conservation plans and implementing sustainable wetland management practices. The findings highlight the importance of long-term management of small wetlands, their potential with ecological advantages, and incorporate small wetlands into biodiversity conservation strategies.