Exploring the Unique Structure and Properties of Liquid Water

Water was and remains the most unusual substance on Earth. Until very recently, the structure and abnormal properties of water have caused heated discussions among both domestic and foreign scientists of different generations. This is primarily due to the complexity of the object of study, the ability of water, even with minor external influences, to easily transition from one metastable state to another. Of course, the state of water at the triple point in the phase diagram is of particular interest. In this regard, the paper considers the features in the pressure-temperature coordinates of some substances in the liquid aggregate state. The authors hypothesized that all substances in the liquid aggregate state should have common features, despite their original individuality. It seems to us that a universal feature that unites all possible aggregate states of water is the ability of the systems under consideration to smoothly transition from a homogeneous to a heterogeneous state, from a single-phase to a two- or more-phase system, characterized by the appearance of a phase interface under certain conditions, that is, the formation of a dispersed system. It is emphasized in the work that until now when analyzing the transitions of water from one aggregate state to another, the time factor of the existence of a phase in equilibrium or metastable states, as well as the time of existence of the dispersed system itself, has not been taken into account. The rapid development of water sciences has led to the discovery of unique properties of water in extreme conditions, for example, the ability of water not to freeze even with ultra-deep cooling, much lower than the freezing point of liquid nitrogen, or the experimentally proven fact that at -68°C water acts as a mixture of two liquids of different densities and others. Further advances in the study of the properties and conditions of water are inevitably associated with the convergence of natural sciences.